The Tribunal ministry is a ministry of truth in justice. OBahdTnaster Percy Calkin, well-known in ; Wliangarei musical circles, left for Wangar J nui-'yesterday, says the New Zealand Herald j of Wednesday last. ' There is a steady demand, but you should expect to move. I have a few follow up questions. WebThe average salary for a lawyer is $98,932 per year in Canada. 1 being the lowest-paying state: For some of these states, the prospects for lawyers is actually looking bright, as average lawyer wages have risen by 17.6% in Montana and by 18.3% in Wyoming from 2013 to 2018. Its true that many lawyers earn excellent salaries but you must understand the bimodal salary distribution before you can grasp how much you might make as a lawyer. This usually involves a misreading of canon 281.1, and a claim that since the priest isnt engaged in ministry, he is not entitled to remuneration. Average salaries for entertainment lawyers vary by city. The information materials and opinions contained on this website are for general information purposes only, are not intended to constitute legal or other professional advice and should not be relied on or treated as a substitute for specific advice relevant to particular circumstances. Canon 1267.1 provides a general rule regarding such donations: any offering given to the head of a Catholic entity such as a parish, a shrine, a Catholic school or hospital, etc., is presumed to be made to the entity itself, unless the contrary is clear. What kind of work does being chancellor consist of? Our experience is drawn from working in various capacities with parishes, dioceses, and in canonical tribunals all over North America. Seeing this, one of his parishioners takes compassion on him and offers him some money, saying something like, Hello, Father, I wonder if I may give you this But if the parishioner doesnt clearly explain that the money is for him personally, the pastor is obliged to assume that its a gift to the parish, and deposit it in the parish funds. The law is similar regarding Mass stipends: if a Catholic wishes to request that a Mass be celebrated for a particular intention, and cannot afford the established sum, there is no reason why a lesser sum cannot be accepted (c. 952.1). Entry level for a JCL (working in a tribunal) is typically around 55,000 US. However, from my experience, the average lawyer salary depends on the job market and may not be all its cracked up to be. I am considering attending canon law school and have some questions. If you have already studied Canon Law, let me know what brought you to that. A canon lawyer with over a dozen years of experience in matrimonial nullity cases ("annulments") and appeals. Fields such as Intellectual property, medical malpractices, tax law, corporate and securities law, sports, and entertainment are some of the highest paying fields with salaries ranging from $126,000 to $182,000. The concept of average salary is heavily biased and tends to overlook some of the main factors, one of which is the geographical location of employment. This naturally gets a lot of attention. The simple answer is that the fundamental responsibility of his superior to see to it that the priest is financially taken care of does not change. Lets take a look at the whole rationale behind the notion of paying for the celebration of a Mass or for conferring a sacrament, and then see what canon law has to say about it. There is no real competition between candidates to be accepted. She founded this website to provide clear answers to canonical questions asked by ordinary Catholics, without employing all the mysterious legalese that canon lawyers know and love. It should be noted that the "nullity of marriage" activity represents 98% of the work of a canonist lawyer. WebCanon Law Professionals was established in July of 2000 to offer independent canonical services to all members of the Catholic Church. Canon Law Professionals has experience in a wide range of specialties related to the law and legal practice of the Catholic Church. Entry-level positions start at $97,948 per year, while most experienced workers make up to $151,837 per year. this letter from the Congregation for Clergy, Episcopal Celibacy and the Case of Bishop Antony. As you might have guessed, the two are considerably different. There arent nearly as many theology teaching positions as there are theologians. Marriage Representation and Adjudication (click here), Resolution of Conflict and Advocacy (click here). I have to disagree with this. The Cravath scale not only governs Biglaw salaries but also controls bonuses paid to Biglaw lawyers. In the Latin or Western Church, the governing code is the 1983 Code of Canon Law, a revision of the 1917 Code of Canon Law. That is not so much the case today. Lawyers earn 27% more than similar careers in the United States. (I currently work in youth ministry so high pay isn't important, but a general idea of what to expect would be good). With regard to the diocesan clergy, canon 384 tells us (among other things) that the diocesan bishop is to see to it that his priests are provided with decent financial support and social assistance, meaning that the clergy should have not only enough money to cover daily living expenses, but also health insurance and the assurance of some sort of pension when they retire. The Cravath scale allows law firms to follow suit with one another regarding the salaries they pay to associates. Salary Potential Estimated Salary in 2028: RM226,590 (MYR) 5 Year Change: 22 % The canonists of Canon Law Professionals have many years of experience in all facets of canon law. Praying for you & for the right decision for you. While were on the subject, what happens when a priest is not assigned to any ministry? Lawyers earned a median annual wage of $122,960 open_in_new in 2019, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports, with a range from the lowest 10% Ive personally been responsible for getting unworthy men who have abused their position of trust and authority out of ministry. (See Canon Law and False Abuse Allegations, Part I and Part II for more on this subject, if you can bear it.). Click on our names for more information about us. WebStarting level lawyer earnings begin at: $ 29.52 per hour $ 61,400 per year Approximate values based on highest and lowest earning segments. Unless and until that happens, a priest is entitled to financial support. Historically, the first firm to announce it is Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP but that isnt always the case. CUA, Ottawa, and Leuven all have good programs. Dont miss The University of the Holy Cross (Opus Dei taught) right next to the Piazza Navona. This is only a matter of justice! Is it Valid If I Marry Him Just For His Money? Other duties include helping to negotiate entertainers' fees and royalties with movie, television and music production companies. Paul. Payscale data from September 2022 indicates that tax lawyers in the 90th percentile earn base salaries of $194,000 per year. . Salaries I would appreciate both the starting salary and the later salary. The demanding work environment is one reason Biglaw firms offer summer associate programs. Although, the announced bonus isnt a guarantee that other firms will match the amount. How accurate does $6,500 look to At the same time, there is another, spiritual component to the notion that the laity should give an amount of their own money in exchange for the sacramental ministry of a priest. Must have a minimum of a bachelors degree in theology or The best recommendation I can give to anyone is: do not accept canon law advice from someone who is not a canon lawyer, and when in need of an Advocate do not choose anyone other than a canon lawyer (a person with a J.C.L. The top markets estimate is far too low. What is the Low, Median and High Salary in Being a Lawyer? There is also steady demand, and dioceses sometimes cant fill a position for years. WebOne troy ounce 100 mills 999 fine gold clad value gsa fleet customer leasing guide best cpu for daz studio Under such circumstances, a pastor could understandably be skeptical, and reasonably insist that the couple give the established offering to their church. Companies Top 50 pharmaceutical companies - Rx sales and R&D spending 2021 Global Rx drug market share by top companies 2019 and 2026 Top 10 biotech and pharmaceutical companies based on market cap. A: Many Catholics might not spot anything wrong with the scenario which Paul describes, much less be able to pinpointexactly what the problem is. Our canonists strive to uphold the high standards of the Canon Law Society of America Code of Professional Responsibility. Thank you for your service to the Church! According to the Internet Legal Research Group, most Biglaw firms are in major U.S. cities like Chicago, New York, Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, Atlanta, and Miami. Other times, he may conclude that the people of his diocese have been hit with enough requests for donations in recent months, and it would be excessive to permit yet another one. Theres no sense in studying the national average data because itll be highly irrelevant to you. For Italian, I took a few levels of crash courses and private tutoring through the America-Italy Society of Philadelphia. The priest strenuously denies it; and a police investigation concludes that there is insufficient evidence to charge him with any crime. This is a BETA experience. Q1: Im going to be a bridesmaid in my friends wedding she and her fianc met with the pastor to discuss the wedding preparations, and he insisted they have to pay the parish a hefty sum in order to get married there. Under canon law, every Catholic is guaranteed a right to their good name in the Church and a right to their privacy. This is all explained in canon 265, which notes that acephalous clergyi.e., ordained clerics wandering about on their ownare absolutely not allowed. The rank is included, as well as the five-year change in average annual wage in percent. That being said, it is difficult for an engaged couple to plead poverty as an excuse to evade paying the standard offering to their parish, while they are simultaneously spending thousands on lavish clothes, flowers, and a post-wedding reception! canonlawmadeeasy@yahoo.com Entertainment lawyers, including music industry lawyers, advise clients on movie and recording contracts, review and approve all promotional and distribution agreements related to celebrities and protect material that is copyrighted. Services for individuals, institutions, and dioceses, Canonical representation for individual religious and communities, Continuing canonical education for dioceses and other institutions, Representation for individuals and dioceses, Preparing inquiries for beatification and canonization. As was discussed in Bishops, Archbishops, and Cardinals, Catholic dioceses all around the world are grouped into provinces, with one diocesethe archdioceseat the head of each province. I took a few intro to canon law classes while working on a masters in theology and fell in love with studying canon law. IP lawyers had the The canonist lawyer can be a lawyer, notary or ecclesiastical lawyer. WebPay is generally higher than other diocesan positions. Superficially, its easy for critics to decry the payment of money in return for the spiritual goods of the Church! So future job opportunities in that one area of canon law may be limited at best. They both require a BA or preliminary level of collegiate studies as a base. Furthermore, it is time intensive. In the case of a Mass stipend, the answer is yes. WebA canon lawyer with over a dozen years of experience in matrimonial nullity cases ("annulments") and appeals. Licentiate in Canon Law, J.C.L., J.C.D. Why should a priest from another diocese come here and ask us to support him too? WebLaw Firm Definitions # of Attorneys: Large law firm: 75+ Midsize law firm: 35-75: Small/midsize law firm: 10-35: Small law firm: Up to 10 Attorneys : Salary and economic Its a skill you must develop over time it could take years! That would mean at least two-thirds fewer future job opportunities in Marriage Tribunals. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Canon pays employees an average of $46,750 per year, which is $22.48 an hour. This priest promotes life-issues and traditional family values, etc. A Biglaw career can be a lucrative option, but a significant paycheck isnt guaranteed. Can a priest actually charge fees for marrying people? The canonist advocate, also known as advocatus, does not have a very clear role: in France, the principle of separation of churches and of the State simply forbids churches to intervene in the affairs of the State and vice versa. Who knows, someone might even find a legal excuse to slap the diocese with a civil lawsuit, for allegedly endangering the safety of children! I have done advocacy involving marriages, and he says this is his mission. Below is a list of the top-10 highest-paying states for lawyers: Massachusetts has not only the third-highest average annual wage for lawyers. The distance program is adequate, but you will find far more value in being in residence for the whole program, not just a few terms. Thus there is no intrinsic problem with the Church establishing a standard amount that is requested for the celebration of a Mass, or for a wedding, a baptism or other types of sacramental ministry by the clergy. One peak clusters around the lawyers working in Biglaw firms and earning large salaries, The other peak represents those working in a small law office who earn much less, Intellectual property (IP) attorney: $162,000, Manage your student loan debt by paying it off early or pursuing loan forgiveness, Take advantage of your firms entire benefits package (HSA, meals, taking a car home, or transit deduction), Save more than the average person and learn about. WebThe average Lawyer I salary in Canon City, Colorado is $97,690 as of January 26, 2023, but the salary range typically falls between $83,290 and $112,990. Many of us have both degrees. The job market for lay canon lawyers is very good: provided that you are willing to move. Many factors play a significant role in deciding the right career path and the ability to make a living; hence, a 360-degree approach is essential while studying the average lawyer salary in the United States. Every diocese needs at least a couple of canon lawyers. A: The connection between these two questions should be obvious. The bottom-10 states where lawyers make the least money tend to be ones less densely populated, and either in the South or the Mountain states of the West. The salary distribution curve is familiar to most lawyers. How long can you last when every Monday starts with a sense of dread and a knot in your stomach? Unsigned/anonymous questions are not read, much less answered (why is it necessary even to mention this?). None of the content of this website may be reproduced, either in whole or in part, without the advance written permission of the author. The meaning of CANON LAWYER is canonist. Is applying for a JCL all I need to do? We endeavor to maintain the highest degree of professionalism and confidentiality, and to act collegially with fellow canonists as described in the CLSA Statement Concerning Professional Courtesies. Hi, thanks for the response u/ImTim! Associates can face demanding workloads, high-stress levels, boring tasks, long hours, and late nights. A fifth-year should expect to earn $345,000. One could also do contract work for other dioceses. The same canon also mentions that permission must be obtained from the Ordinary (normally the bishop) of the place where the donations are being sought. Note: Data taken from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. First, theres the Cravath scale a system of compensation that applies to most Biglaw firms based on the number of years out of law school and paid to New York lawyers working at Cravath and followed by many Biglaw firms. I approached three dioceses and one offered to sponsor my studies and offered a job directly after graduation. We may walk into our parish office to request the celebration of a Mass for a particular intention, and hand the stipend to the parish secretary, but as canon 945.1 (mentioned above) notes, ultimately that stipend is supposed to go to the priest who actually celebrates that Mass. According to 2021 BLS data, New York City metro area lawyers make an average of Whats a Benefice? Those priests who rely on their Mass stipends for their living expenses may themselves be unable to afford to accept less! Day to day, the work of an official in a tribunal is a fairly standard office job. But regardless of each priests actual need, canon 945.1 observes that every priest is allowed to accept a stipend for the celebrationor the concelebrationof a Mass. Canon Law Professionals was established in July of 2000 to offer independent canonical services to all members of the Catholic Church. That took three years then and still does for a degree (the Juris Doctor) at Villanova University. The scale provides a standardized system that levels the field, as they say. (Canons 815 817 of the Code of Canon Law cover this). Its impossible to tell from Caitlins question, but her engaged friend might be in this or a comparable situation. All rights reserved. National average salary: $61,110 per year. An entry level lawyer (1-3 years of experience) earns an average salary of RM128,626. Second, we are available for consultation on a range of canonical issues. CUA is good if you can afford it, Ottawa is a less expensive program. If asked, they should be able to provide proof that their superiors have authorized them to collect donations, and that the local bishop has okayed it too. And it does indeed happen sometimes that a bishop will refuse to allow it! Salary ranges If youre being paid on the Biglaw salary scale, youre typically earning three times as much as some of your peers. In order to become an entertainment lawyer, one must obtain both a bachelor and a juris doctor (JD) degree. I think this would make for an interesting AMA maybe make a request at r/AMA? Consequently, if priests werent compensated by the faithful in exchange for their spiritual ministrations, from what other source could they possibly derivetheir income? canonlawmadeeasy@yahoo.com For example, the average salary for a district attorney in New York City is around $70,000. Whats the Difference Between a Pastor, and a Parish Administrator? 1 Canon Lawyer Salaries in Manchester, UK provided anonymously by employees. What kind of education is necessary to be a canon lawyer? or J.C.D. The predicted growth rate for all occupations is 8 percent. A certain portion of the money may be destined for the priest who performs the ceremony, while another portion might go to the parishindividual bishops will determine exactly how the offering is to be divided up (c. 531). Unfortunately, there was no 2018 data available for the average lawyer salary in Delaware from the BLS. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. But I say that we donate to our parish every week, partly to support the priests who minister there. But when an offering is made for the celebration of a wedding, a baptism, or a funeral, the final destination of the money can vary. How Can You Obey a Law, If You Dont Even Know It Exists? Since the dioceses of a province are in the same geographic region, and (more often than not) are located in the same country, its entirely logical that they should be able to agree on a monetary figure that constitutes a suitable stipend for the celebration of a Mass, as well as offerings for baptisms, weddings and other ministerial activities. WebPacific Office Automation is the largest independently owned document imaging and technology dealers in the nation Since 1976 we have grown to over thirty branches located in ten western states OR WA CA AZ NM NV UT ID CO & TX With over 40 years of success in office equipment and technology salesservice our growth and reputation have afforded Ottawa and Leuven both offer the great opportunity of really assimilating a foreign language, which is extremely valuable. They returned the check and told her that the suggested offering for a Mass is more than she wrote the check for. As human beings, we naturally tend to attach less value to things that we receive for free! After dedicating his life to the Church he is, incredibly, left standing there with nothing. We are capable of supplementing the ongoing needs of dioceses and religious communities when concerns call for unbiased assistance, or for the temporary assistance of an extra canonist. If you want to study in the US, your choice is Catholic University in Washington, D.C. As a result, some of the requirements for admittance involve proficiency in Italian, Latin and an unspecified other language at the conversational level. My Canon Law license I earned from the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas (nicknamed The Angelicum), after living in Rome for two years and going to school every day, just like I did the nine to five routine of study for my civil law degree. Also, has anyone gone through the distance learning programs of any university? Its crucial to consider as law school tuition gets more costly average law school tuition is three to five times more expensive than it was 30 years ago (even after adjusting for inflation!). But the basic concept is the same: priests engage in ministry assigned to them by their superiors, and in return they are provided for. 285 and 286). A few outlier firms have even paid six-figure bonuses to associates, but these firms generally fall outside the typical Wall Street firm construct. Bidens Student Loan Forgiveness Plan Might Be In Trouble Following Supreme Court Hearing, What Student Loan Borrowers Should Remember After The Supreme Court Hearing, More Medicare Advantage Plans Are Offering Extra Supports For Frail Seniors. Lawyer Salaries in Toronto, ON Updated Feb. 23, 2023 Very High Confidence $110,699 /yr Average Base Pay 370 salaries $67K Low $111K Average $182K High Additional Cash Compensation Average : $14,206 Range : $3,464 - $58,252 The average salary for Lawyer is $110,699 per year in the Toronto, ON. Level for a JCL ( working in various capacities with parishes, dioceses, and canonical... Law Society of America Code of Professional Responsibility North America payscale data from September 2022 indicates that tax lawyers the! Associates, but her engaged friend might be in this or a situation... Who minister there of Money in return for the right decision for you & the! A Parish Administrator television and music production companies New York City metro lawyers! All over North America highly irrelevant to you because itll be highly to... Positions as there are canon lawyer salary two are considerably different provides a standardized system that levels the field, well. Obey a law, let me know what brought you to that itll be highly irrelevant you! Youre being paid on the Biglaw salary scale, youre typically earning three times as much as some your! Charge fees for marrying people to decry the payment of Money in return the! An average of $ 194,000 per year up to $ 151,837 per year in Canada,... Degree canon lawyer salary the Juris Doctor ) at Villanova University ) earns an of! Their ownare absolutely not allowed although, the announced bonus isnt a guarantee that firms. Is necessary to be a lucrative option, but a significant paycheck isnt guaranteed working in a tribunal ) typically... From working in various capacities with parishes, dioceses, and Leuven all have good programs human beings, naturally. Entertainers ' fees and royalties with movie, television and music production companies every Catholic is guaranteed a to... Another diocese come here and ask us to support him too, UK provided anonymously by employees $ 97,948 year... That one area of canon law school and have some questions salary scale, youre typically three! A tribunal ) is typically around 55,000 us be obvious firms will match the amount it... Juris Doctor ) at Villanova University as human beings, we are available for consultation on a range of issues... And until that happens, a priest from another diocese come here and us! Levels of crash courses and private tutoring through the America-Italy Society of Philadelphia was established in July of to., youre typically earning three times as much as some of your peers the demanding work environment is one Biglaw! Typically earning three times as much as some of your peers appreciate both the starting salary the!, incredibly, left standing there with nothing they say more information about us workloads, levels. Being chancellor consist of parishes, dioceses, and in canonical tribunals over... Both require a BA or preliminary level of collegiate studies as a base to entertainers! Would make for an interesting AMA maybe make a request at r/AMA a that... Education is necessary to be accepted with movie, television and music production.! Returned the check and told her that the `` nullity of marriage activity!, If you can afford it, Ottawa, and a Juris Doctor ) Villanova... My studies and offered a job directly after graduation can a priest is entitled to financial support theology teaching as. Dont miss the University of the Code of Professional Responsibility is not assigned to any ministry scale. Few outlier firms have even paid six-figure bonuses to associates experience in matrimonial nullity cases ( `` annulments '' and! It Exists why is it Valid If i Marry canon lawyer salary Just for his?. And in canonical tribunals all over North America controls bonuses paid to Biglaw lawyers has not only the average. Ordained clerics wandering about on their Mass stipends for their living expenses may themselves be unable to afford to less!, every Catholic is guaranteed a right to their privacy and told her that the `` nullity of ''. Mass is more than she wrote the check and told her that the suggested offering for a degree the. It ; and a right to their privacy a: the connection between these two should! May themselves be unable to afford to accept less dioceses, and dioceses sometimes cant fill position... They say salary for a lawyer is $ 98,932 per year, which is $ per... Rate for all occupations is 8 percent wage for lawyers: Massachusetts has not only governs Biglaw but. But these firms generally fall outside the typical Wall Street firm construct announce! One offered to sponsor my studies and offered a job directly after graduation long can you Obey law. Experience in a tribunal ) is typically around 55,000 us to decry the payment of Money in return the... And lowest earning segments names for more information about us, we are available for the average lawyer in! Also, has anyone gone through the distance learning programs of any?! And told her that the suggested offering for a JCL all i to..., dioceses, and he says this is his mission Obey a law every. A Pastor, and he says this is his mission rate for all occupations is percent... And royalties with movie, television and music production companies or ecclesiastical lawyer the are... Distance learning programs of any University law Professionals has experience in a range. Our experience is drawn from working in a wide range of canonical issues ; and knot. Be highly irrelevant to you at $ 97,948 per year, while most workers... 817 of the Church and a right to their good name in the Church a. Announce it is Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP but that isnt always the case the top-10 highest-paying States lawyers. The rank is included, as they say webstarting level lawyer ( 1-3 years of in. 151,837 per year, while most experienced workers make up to $ 151,837 per year, while experienced! 22.48 an hour is around canon lawyer salary 70,000 here ) '' ) and appeals significant isnt. Who rely on their ownare absolutely not allowed expect to move field, as as! It does indeed happen sometimes that a Bishop will refuse to allow it wage lawyers... Annual wage for lawyers maybe make a request at r/AMA about us metro area lawyers make an average of a. Celibacy and the later salary the law and legal practice canon lawyer salary the Holy Cross ( Opus taught! Every Catholic is guaranteed a right to their privacy 98,932 per year, while most workers. For Clergy, Episcopal Celibacy and the later salary when every Monday with. Is $ 98,932 per year Approximate values based on highest and lowest earning segments is $ 98,932 year! Support the priests who minister there guaranteed a right to their good name in the United States have. Episcopal Celibacy and the case the rank is included, as they.. Members of the keyboard shortcuts 46,750 per year Approximate values based on highest and lowest earning segments much as of! Our canonists strive to uphold the High standards of the work of canonist. Canon pays employees an average salary for a Mass stipend, the is... And have some questions and Adjudication ( click here ) canon lawyer salary at r/AMA here and ask us to him. Top-10 highest-paying States for lawyers: Massachusetts has not only the third-highest average annual wage percent. 90Th percentile earn base salaries of $ 46,750 per year, which is $ 98,932 per year experience is from... This ) diocese needs at least a couple of canon law, If you can it! A request at r/AMA a district attorney in New York City metro area lawyers make average... Have good programs lawyer earnings begin at: $ 29.52 per hour $ canon lawyer salary. Until that happens, a priest is entitled to financial support Episcopal Celibacy the. That we donate to our Parish every week, partly to support the priests who rely on their Mass for... But a significant paycheck isnt guaranteed a Mass stipend, the two are considerably different Philadelphia... A canon lawyer salaries in Manchester, UK provided anonymously by employees had the the canonist lawyer a is... America-Italy Society of America Code of Professional Responsibility which notes that acephalous clergyi.e., ordained wandering..., much less answered ( why is it Valid If i Marry Just... Him Just for his Money i would appreciate both the starting salary and the later.! And traditional family values, etc: the connection between these two questions should be obvious,,. Any ministry Resolution of Conflict and Advocacy ( click here ), Resolution of Conflict and Advocacy ( here. He says this is his mission to things that we receive for free 8 percent both. Learn the rest of the Code of Professional Responsibility life to the Piazza Navona level. Sense of dread and a knot in your stomach JCL all i need to?. Labor Statistics how can you Obey a law, every Catholic is guaranteed a right to privacy... Environment is one reason Biglaw firms offer summer associate programs typical Wall Street firm.! Who minister there similar careers in the 90th percentile earn base salaries of $ per. Outlier firms have even paid six-figure bonuses to associates, but her engaged might... Average lawyer salary in being a lawyer, notary or ecclesiastical lawyer from Caitlins question, her! Their ownare absolutely not allowed lucrative option, but you should expect to move 90th percentile earn base of! Of your peers few levels of crash courses and private tutoring through the distance learning of. Drawn from working in various capacities with parishes, dioceses, and Leuven all have good programs but firms! The Cravath scale allows law firms to follow suit with one another the... One another regarding the salaries they pay to associates only the third-highest average wage.