Unfortunately, the work of Kohama et al. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society. Even if the clinical trial did not include a placebo group or randomisation, the presence of a control group and the evaluation of equol-producer individuals mitigated these issues. The authors responsibilities were as follows: G. R. study conception and drafting the manuscript. Soy supplementation also appears to affect thyroid function in an inconsistent manner, as studies have shown both increases and decreases in the same parameters of thyroid activity. Han, Jing 2. Measurement of urinary isoflavones and their metabolites appears to be a more reliable approach than dietary assessment alone. The fertility concept differs from the fecundity one, which refers to reproductive potential and depends on reproductive physiology, from the production of gametes phase to the ability to carry a pregnancy to term. The generalisation of these results is complex due to the type of study, which does not allow to define a causal relationship. It affects one out of every six couples and affects the majority women aged between 15 to 44 years. Furthermore, the possible ameliorative influence of soy or its components in the case of assisted reproduction techniques outcomes and pregnancy seeking appears promising and worthy of interest. These substances could play a role in the ovaries circulatory functions(Reference Oyawoye, Abdel Gadir and Garner50). In the meta-analysis by Hooper and colleagues(Reference Hooper, Ryder and Kurzer59) from the evaluation of eleven studies on premenopausal women, ten studies were included to clarify the effect of soy on menstrual cycle length. Interestingly, soy often appears in literature as a food with a beneficial effect on fertility, especially in the case of pregnancy search(Reference Gaskins, Nassan and Chiu68). The duration of menstrual cycle, especially in luteal phase, can also have a direct influence on the mammary gland proliferation, through a reduction in exposure of the epithelium to proliferative hormones. However, even in the West, it is currently widely used, especially due to its versatility in plant-based products for health purposes and vegetarian diets(Reference Rizzo and Baroni1). In another prospective study, 471 healthy American women were followed for 12 months or until delivery without showing significant correlations between urinary isoflavones, quantified by HPLC-MS analysis, and fertility, defined with adjusted Cox Model using time-to-pregnancy assessment(Reference Mumford, Sundaram and Schisterman39), while lignan concentrations in urine were significantly associated with shorter time to pregnancy. For this reason, the clinical data were meta-ana In the present study, the intervention group showed improvements in hormonal circulating levels compared with baseline, which consisted in the reduction of LH levels (94%, P=0000), testosterone (56%, P=0000) and DHEAS (87%, P=0000), with no significant changes in the control group. Furthermore, the intervention group showed lower rates of miscarriage (n: 2, 31% v. n: 6, 87%; P<005) and higher rates of pregnancy (n: 13, 200% v. n: 3, 44%; P<005) compared with placebo. M. A. S. contributed to drafting and revising the manuscript. In a logical perspective, the effect of soy cannot be attributed to the effect of its isoflavones alone. However, the intakes of isoflavones in the studied cohorts were limited (range: 0331mg/d). Eating a few servings of soy each week could improve fertility and metabolic aspects of PCOS. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a major endocrine and metabolic disorder in women(Reference Meier62,Reference Liu, Zhang and Shi63) . 07 March 2022. Adapted from Moher et al.(24). Furthermore, the intake of isoflavones among participants was very low and this made it difficult to compare the findings with clinical trials that often use intakes similar to Asian populations (23844mg/d). Last but not least, soy isoflavones can act through an antioxidant mechanism through the stimulation of enzymes responsible for xenobiotics metabolism and oxidative stress reduction in vitro at a range of 5100M(Reference Wei, Wei and Frenkel87). Black soy, in addition to the content of isoflavones, is known to be rich in antioxidant substances, especially in external seed integuments, which are rich in anthocyanins(Reference Choung, Baek and Kang49). PMCID: PMC8922143. In the first study, the authors administered soy milk to six American women aged 2229 for 1 month, comparing outcomes with baseline(Reference Lu, Anderson and Grady26). From the sub-analysis by ethnic stratification, follicular SHBG levels were higher in non-Asians. To put this into perspective, a 3.5-ounce (100-gram) serving of firm, calcium-set tofu offers about 60 mg of soy isoflavones, while 1 cup (240 mL) of soy milk contains only about 28 mg. If we eat soy, do we keep the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet? Notably, during manuscript preparation, Messina and colleagues published a technical review on endocrine effect of soy and isoflavones(Reference Messina, Mejia and Cassidy90). Corrections for confounding factors, such as diet, demographics, lifestyle factors, age, body composition and ethnicity, indicated reliable analysis. The evaluation at two different times of menstrual cycle allowed to discriminate the effect between luteal and follicular phases but not day by day hormonal fluctuations. One of the first research papers to look directly at soy and fertility outcomes was from the Adventist Health Study-2. In another study, women were more likely to get pregnant if they ate soy isoflavones alongside . Soy has been used to treat certain symptoms of menopause (such as hot flashes) and to help prevent bone loss ( osteoporosis ).Some supplement products have been found to contain possibly . Even if the exact conversion mechanism has not been characterised yet, a limited conversion capacity in Western populations (about 25%) has been highlighted, as opposed to the greater competence of Asian populations (50%), estimated through urinary equol excretion(Reference Setchell, Brown and Lydeking-Olsen17). There are clues about the association between soy intake and the increase in SHBG levels. This was a short pilot study with a small sample size in subgroups. Manuscripts exploring multiple aspects were discussed in different paragraphs, where deemed necessary. Soy is a key food in human nutrition. In the only clinical trial available, even if it is considered a pilot study, it emerges that a significant role could be played not only by isoflavones, but also by phytochemicals present in soy, particularly in black soy. Main cellular mechanism for isoflavones. The study must be considered exploratory, because of the limited number of luteal phase deficiency cycles and a small number of fertility-related outcomes. Total loading time: 0 Although this clinical trial showed the long-term effect of soy ingestion on serum hormone levels, it was a pilot study with a limited number of participants (fourteen premenopausal women). 16 Although much of the concern is based on animal research, 16 a sufficient amount of fertility-relevant human research, including both epidemiologic and clinical studies, has been conducted; therefore, conclusions about the impact of soy on fertility can be In addition, no significant changes in progesterone, LH or SHBG were found in the whole study sample. Servier Medical Art. These also included non-soy derived phytoestrogens, such as lignans. In the second study by Lu and colleagues(Reference Lu, Anderson and Grady29), ten American women aged 2342 who did not consume soy regularly were followed for the duration of a menstrual cycle, during which nutritional intervention with soy was performed (36 Oz/d soy drink; 113207mg/d IF), without observing significant changes in cycle length compared to baseline and with a marginal shortening of luteal phase (6%, P=007). Not all isoflavones work in the same manner. Soy consumption is supposed to have protective effects against cardiovascular disease by cholesterol-lowering and blood pressure improvement action and in the prevention of cancer or diabetes and it also supports bone health and the management of menopause symptoms(Reference Ding, Pan and Manson2Reference Mosallanezhad, Mahmoodi and Ranjbar8). View the latest deals on Natrol Menopause Support Supplements. Furthermore, the type of dietary survey carried out in the proposed environmental questionnaire was not clear. The disease etiology is still debated but it seems to involve inflammatory mechanisms and oxidative stress(Reference Escobar-Morreale, Luque-Ramrez and Gonzlez65,Reference Showell, Mackenzie-Proctor and Jordan66) . Furthermore, no characterisation was made on the possible presence of equol-producers among the participants. Soy protein has gained considerable attention for its potential role in improving risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). 2023. While the observational data better reflect the effects of diet in free-living conditions compared with experimental settings of clinical trials, the use of food frequency questionnaires exposes to possible misclassification and measurement errors. However, the association between soy and isoflavones with the reduction of luteal phase seems weak. On the other hand, many perplexities have been raised about possible negative mechanisms leading to endocrine disruptor effects(Reference Bar-El and Reifen20). The effects obtained from selected studies do not seem to show a clear significance regarding fertility and menstrual cycle length, as discussed in the previous paragraph. The results of selected manuscripts were grouped according to the outcomes used, for a clear comparison. Pending further confirmation, soy and its components do not appear to have a clinically relevant influence on menstrual cycle in healthy women. After 6 months, estradiol levels of patients in the intervention group were higher compared with basal (P<005), whereas luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were unchanged. Individuals who are not equol-producers have likely limited response to isoflavone intake(Reference Iino, Shimoyama and Iino16). Other weak aspects of the population sample characterisation are given by a lack of stratification by ethnicity and equol-producers. It does not appear to be randomised and blinded, but the nature of outcomes should not be affected by these limitations. Independent Researcher, Via Venezuela 66, 98121Messina, Italy, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166Rome, Italy, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166Rome, Italy, Center for Complementary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, Reference Mosallanezhad, Mahmoodi and Ranjbar, Reference Setchell, Brown and Lydeking-Olsen, Reference Hamilton-Reeves, Vazquez and Duval, Reference Reed, Camargo and Hamilton-Reeves, Reference Oyawoye, Abdel Gadir and Garner, Reference Mumford, Sundaram and Schisterman, Reference Jacobsen, Jaceldo-Siegl and Knutsen, Reference Crawford, Pritchard and Herring, Reference Andrews, Schliep and Wactawski-Wende, Reference Sdergrd, Bckstrm and Shanbhag, Reference Escobar-Morreale, Luque-Ramrez and Gonzlez, Reference Showell, Mackenzie-Proctor and Jordan, Reference Romualdi, Costantini and Campagna, Reference Chavarro, Mnguez-Alarcn and Chiu, Reference Sinai, Ben-Avraham and Guelmann-Mizrahi, Reference Ropero, Alonso-Magdalena and Ripoll, Reference Valles, Dolz-Gaiton and Gambini, Reference Gunnarsson, Ahnstrm and Kirschner, Soy, soy foods and their role in vegetarian diets, Consumption of soy foods and isoflavones and risk of type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis of three US cohorts, Cumulative meta-analysis of the soy effect over time, Soy, soy isoflavones, and protein intake in relation to mortality from all causes, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, Consensus: soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints, Soy isoflavones for osteoporosis: an evidence-based approach, Soy and isoflavone consumption and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomized trials in humans, Soy intake is associated with lowering blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials, The antioxidant role of soy and soy foods in human health, Non-isoflavone phytochemicals in soy and their health effects. Notably, these latter compounds are present in several foods such as legumes, cereals and seeds, whereas soy is almost the only source of isoflavones in human diet. The influence of high-dose of isoflavones on fertility emerging from the studies is difficult to be transferred to other groups of individuals with other ethnicity or different treatments. No restrictions were applied using filters and results were collected from search engines by the inception through 4 April 2021. There was no evaluation of dietary habits and the determination of hormone levels was performed using non-validated ELISA kits, due to limited budget. Five studies exploring the relationship between soy and the length of menstrual cycle in healthy women have been selected, including two observational studies(Reference Andrews, Schliep and Wactawski-Wende41,Reference Levine, Kim and Purdue-Smithe45) and three longitudinal interventional studies(Reference Lu, Anderson and Grady26,Reference Wu, Stanczyk and Hendrich28,Reference Lu, Anderson and Grady29) . [cited 2021 Jul 26]. 1. However, the specific effect of soy intake on women's fertility has not yet been systematically evaluated. and Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism randomized 70 women with PCOS into two groups to take either 50 mg/d soy isoflavones or a placebo for 12 weeks. Find Best Western Hotels & Resorts nearby Sponsored. Isoflavones show several biological properties, acting as selective tissue estrogenic activity regulators (STEARs), thanks to the differential distribution pattern of estrogen receptors in body tissues(Reference Matthews and Gustafsson13) and the differentiated affinity between the two isoforms of estrogen receptors, called alpha and beta. Multiple regression analysis including various set of possible confounders highlighted more in-depth correlations. 44% of women of Asian descent were in the highest quartile of isoflavone intake. Additionally, isoflavones can act as antioxidants in vitro (15), but the extent to which they contribute to the antioxidant status of humans is not yet clear. On consumption, they increase estrogen production in a woman's body. However, the number of combined participants of the two studies was very limited (n: 40). Six grams per day of black soybean powder were administered to the intervention group, whereas thirty-four individuals received no treatment as a control group. Furthermore, hormone levels were evaluated only at baseline, without taking into account the differences between the two groups. As for males, a 2010 meta-analysis highlighted the safety of soy on fertility outcomes(Reference Hamilton-Reeves, Vazquez and Duval21), recently confirmed by an updated meta-analysis on this topic(Reference Reed, Camargo and Hamilton-Reeves22). Soya Isoflavones are derived from soya beans. However, in the work of Filiberto and colleagues(Reference Filiberto, Mumford and Pollack37), even if the correlation between isoflavones and the increase in SHBG was highlighted, the dosage of estradiol and free estradiol did not show significant correlations, although the estimate of free estradiol was done through Sodergard's formula(Reference Sdergrd, Bckstrm and Shanbhag61), so a direct dosage would be more reliable. Besides, the lack of a placebo group warrants caution. Isoflavones are produced via a branch of the general phenylpropanoid pathway that produces flavonoid compounds in higher plants. Soy is a very popular food and its consumption is part of the traditional cuisine of South-East Asian countries. Conversely, the improvements in ovulation were seen only in two patients from the control group. The use of urinary phytoestrogens and their metabolites is a more reliable system compared to the evaluation of dietary intake. Furthermore, the individuals recruited were seeking for a pregnancy and this could have changed their behaviour. In two studies, women having fertility treatment took part in research looking at the amount of soya they ate, and whether that affected the success of their treatment. between 128 women fed with soy-based formula and 268 women fed with cow milk formula during infancy. Similarly, the stratification by ethnicity and equol-producers may suggest the nature of interactions between soy and fertility. The present study used a community-based approach with recruitment of couples seeking pregnancy. The study's strength include a large consumption of soy and by consistent inter-individual variability among participants (total intake of 379261g/d), which allows better detection of cross-sectional correlations. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Among the six women in the first clinical trial(Reference Lu, Anderson and Grady26), the intervention with soy also led to a significant reduction in dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) levels (23%, P=003), an intermediary in estradiol synthesis. This could have introduced other confounding factors such as the influence of male on couple's fertility or possible changes in habits caused by the desire to conceive. It would have been useful to have retrospective information on soy consumption to assess the potential effect on previous fertility problems. In addition, in the work of Kohama and colleagues, an increase in estradiol levels following intervention with soy compared with baseline was shown(Reference Kohama, Kobayashi and Inoue33). The soy isoflavones block the estrogen receptors in your brain and fool your body into thinking its natural estrogen levels are low. There was no dose-response relation in either cohort. Recently, Wesselink and colleagues evaluated the fertility of 7778 healthy American or Canadian women in two cohort studies that followed participants for 12 months or until pregnancy(Reference Wesselink, Hatch and Mikkelsen44). Based on this cross-sectional study, high consumption of soy isoflavones was identified (94% of participants). Furthermore, diet and energy intake were not investigated and sampling was not well-timed to menstrual cycle. However, soy diet reduced progesterone (45%, P<00001) and estradiol levels (23%, P<001), compared with baseline. Improvements were observed only in lipid profile (circulating total cholesterol, LDL and LDL/HDL ratio and triglycerides). Similar to the previous observational study, Chavarro et al. Soy is a very popular food and its consumption is part of the traditional cuisine of South-East Asian countries. Similarly, a significant correlation between isoflavone intake and nulligravidity emerged (P=003) with a 13% higher risk but with a wide range of confidence interval (95% CI 2, 26) in women with intake 40mg/d compared with lower intakes (<10mg/d). The urinary or serum levels of isoflavones did not affected progesterone levels in the multiple regression analysis. Among the studies discussed to evaluate menstrual cycle length, three interventional studies also evaluated the levels of circulating hormones following soy intake in healthy women(Reference Lu, Anderson and Grady26,Reference Wu, Stanczyk and Hendrich28,Reference Lu, Anderson and Grady29) . Render date: 2023-03-02T11:20:28.481Z Jacobsen and colleagues included 11688 American women aged 3050 years of age who participated in Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2)(Reference Jacobsen, Jaceldo-Siegl and Knutsen38). The ethnicity assessment of participants was useful in identifying, as might be expected, a greater consumption of soy foods by Asian individuals. 1. Fig. For this reason, they are classified as phytoestrogensplant-derived compounds with estrogenic activity (1). Conclusions: These data suggest that higher intake of soy foods and soy isoflavones is associated with lower sperm concentration. Ma, Haoyue The study included the evaluation of patients microbiota composition as the primary endpoint, but androgen levels were also evaluated with AMH as markers of fertility as a secondary endpoint. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-pxj8b Nevertheless, a reduction in FSH levels was confirmed (SMD: 087IU/l, 95% CI 172, 002). The sooner you take it the more eggs start to mature and the later it focuses on the quality of the most maturing egg, or at least this is what I read. Higher soy products intake did not correlate with the rate of infertility. Huntriss, Rosemary Qin, Zhen Women who also have the problem of irregular periods can consume these isoflavones to get much-needed relief. In the first clinical trial by Unifer and colleagues, 1500mg/d of isoflavones from soy or placebo were administered for 10d to 134 women who had been infertile for at least 2 years, undergoing intrauterine insemination after 100mg/d for 5d of clomiphene citrate treatments (an ovulation inducer)(Reference Unfer, Casini and Costabile31). A slight increase of approximately 1d (MD: 105, 95% CI 013, 197) was seen compared with the control, with no significant effects in the length of luteal and follicular phases. Furthermore, the evaluation of dietary pattern before infertility treatments does not exclude the possibility that soy consumption may have been influenced by the search for a healthy pattern to achieve pregnancy. However, the evaluation of ability to absorb and metabolise isoflavones was lacking in the present study. It helps you to ovulate and they quality. "useRatesEcommerce": false In 2005, Kohama and colleagues published a short communication about a 6 months clinical trial on thirty-six Japanese women with secondary amenorrhea (or anovulation)(Reference Kohama, Kobayashi and Inoue33). Four clinical trials were found among search engines results: two longitudinal pilot studies(Reference Romualdi, Costantini and Campagna34,Reference Haudum, Lindheim and Ascani46) and two interventional studies with a parallel design, both conducted in Iranian populations(Reference Khani, Mehrabian and Khalesi35,Reference Jamilian and Asemi43) . However, in multiple regression analysis, this reduction seemed to be significantly associated with the intake of genistein and daidzein or their concentration in urine. Pettitt, Claire Results from a pilot study, Effect of soy phytoestrogen on metabolic and hormonal disturbance of women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Usual dietary isoflavone intake and reproductive function across the menstrual cycle, Soy isoflavone intake and the likelihood of ever becoming a mother: the adventist health study-2, Higher urinary lignan concentrations in women but not men are positively associated with shorter time to pregnancy, Soy food intake and treatment outcomes of women undergoing assisted reproductive technology, Dietary factors and luteal phase deficiency in healthy eumenorrheic women, Soy intake modifies the relation between urinary bisphenol A concentrations and pregnancy outcomes among women undergoing assisted reproduction, The effects of soy isoflavones on metabolic status of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome, Dietary phytoestrogen intakes of adult women are not strongly related to fecundability in 2 preconception cohort studies, Urinary phytoestrogens and relationship to menstrual cycle length and variability among healthy, eumenorrheic women, Impact of short-term isoflavone intervention in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients on microbiota composition and metagenomics, Fecundity and natural fertility in humans, Isolation and determination of anthocyanins in seed coats of black soybean (, Antioxidants and reactive oxygen species in follicular fluid of women undergoing IVF: relationship to outcome, The influence of religious affiliation on participant responsiveness to the complete health improvement program (CHIP) lifestyle intervention, Health beliefs, behavior, spiritual growth, and salvation in a global population of seventh-day adventists, A brief historical overview of the past two decades of soy and isoflavone research, The utility of menstrual cycle length as an indicator of cumulative hormonal exposure, Menstrual cycle length in reproductive age women is an indicator of oocyte quality and a candidate marker of ovarian reserve, Prospective evaluation of luteal phase length and natural fertility, Menstrual cycle characteristics and fecundability in a North American preconception cohort, A prospective cohort study of menstrual characteristics and time to pregnancy, Effects of soy protein and isoflavones on circulating hormone concentrations in pre- and post-menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Hormonal effects of soy in premenopausal women and men, Calculation of free and bound fractions of testosterone and estradiol-17 beta to human plasma proteins at body temperature, Dysbiosis of gut microbiota associated with clinical parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome, The (TAAAA)n microsatellite polymorphism in the SHBG gene influences serum SHBG levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, Circulating inflammatory markers in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and metaanalysis, Dietary patterns and outcomes of assisted reproduction, Compared with feeding infants breast milk or cow-milk formula, soy formula feeding does not affect subsequent reproductive organ size at 5 years of age, Early-life soy exposure and age at menarche, Consumption of soy-based infant formula is not associated with early onset of puberty, Cellular and biochemical mechanisms by which environmental oestrogens influence reproductive function, Steroid hormone activity of flavonoids and related compounds, Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytoestrogens with estrogen receptor beta, Rapid endocrine disruption: Environmental estrogen actions triggered outside the nucleus, Equol-stimulated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase and redox signaling in endothelial cells: roles for F-actin and GPR30, Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases, Estradiol or genistein prevent Alzheimer's disease-associated inflammation correlating with an increase PPAR gamma expression in cultured astrocytes, Bacterial metabolite S-equol modulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from enteroendocrine L cell line GLUTag cells via actin polymerization. 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On previous fertility problems nearby Sponsored isoflavones alongside confounding factors, such as diet, demographics, factors...